Patient Education

Cancer Screening Tests play a crucial role in detecting cancer such as cervical cancer before symptoms appear. They are essential for early detection and treatment, potentially saving lives. A comprehensive understanding of cancer screening guidelines is vital not only for early cancer prevention and detection but also for proactive healthcare management.

General Risk Factors for Cancer 

Consider undergoing cancer screening if you have:

• Increasing age
• Frequent alcohol consumption
• Exposure to cancer-causing substances
• Family history of cancer
• Viral hepatitis B or C infection
• Obesity
• Smoking

Some things that may increase the chance of getting sick can be controlled or done reasonably. But some things, like getting older, cannot be changed. It's crucial to know that it's not only the kind of thing that can make you ill but also how much of it you're around, how often, and when it happens. For instance, gaining weight after menopause is connected to a higher risk of breast cancer.

Cancer Screening Methods and Diagnosis

• Physical Exam: Your doctor examines your body for abnormalities, such as lumps or changes in skin color.
• Laboratory Tests: Blood and urine tests help identify abnormalities caused by cancer, such as an unusual number or type of white blood cells.
• Imaging Tests: Non-invasive techniques like X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, and ultrasound scans reveal the presence of tumors in bones and internal organs.
• Biopsy: Collecting a sample of cells for laboratory testing is crucial for definitive cancer diagnosis.

After confirming the diagnosis, the doctor assesses the cancer's stage and spread to determine the best treatment options and predict the likely outcome.

Common Cancer Screening Tests

Doctors often perform blood tests like Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), CA-125, or the fecal occult blood test to detect signs of cancer.

Here are additional cancer screening tests commonly used to find signs of specific cancers:

Breast Cancer Screening

• Mammography: A breast scan to screen for abnormal growths or tumors, is recommended for women with or without symptoms.
• Breast MRI: Imaging test for women at high risk of breast cancer.

Women in their 40s can opt for annual mammograms, while those aged 45-54 should undergo yearly screenings. After 55, a biennial approach is recommended. Continuous screening is advised for healthy individuals with a life expectancy exceeding 10 years.

Cervical or Ovarian Cancer Screening

• Pap Smear and HPV Testing: Detects cancerous or pre-cancerous cells at the cervix, preventing the spread of HPV.
• Transvaginal Ultrasound: Scans ovaries and uterus to detect ovarian or endometrial cancer.

Cervical cancer screening starts at 25, utilizing primary HPV tests every 5 years co-tests (HPV test with a Pap test) every 5 years, or Pap tests every 3 years. Individuals over 65, with a decade of normal results, need not be tested. Vaccinated individuals should follow age-specific screening recommendations.

Lung Cancer Screening

Low-Dose Helical Computed Tomography: Screenings for lung cancer, especially for patients with a significant smoking history.

For individuals aged 50-80, with a smoking history of 20 pack years, annual low-dose CT scans are recommended. A thorough discussion with healthcare professionals is vital, addressing the purpose, benefits, limits, and potential harms of screening.

Prostate Cancer Screening

• PSA Blood Test: This test measures Prostate-Specific Antigen levels in the blood, aiding in the early detection of potential issues.
• Rectal Exam: A physical examination where a healthcare provider assesses the prostate's size and texture through the rectum.

Men, starting at 50, should consult healthcare providers to weigh the pros and cons of prostate cancer testing.

Take Control of Your Health

Reducing cancer risk involves lifestyle factors such as avoiding tobacco, maintaining a healthy weight, regular physical activity, and a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Limiting alcohol intake and protecting the skin from harmful UV rays is also essential. Regular check-ups and adherence to screening guidelines are fundamental in cancer prevention.

If you have concerns about cancer or wish to explore personalised screening options, consider consulting with experts at OncoCare Cancer Centre. Our team is dedicated to providing comprehensive cancer care and guidance to ensure your well-being.

“Expert knowledge means better care for cancer”

Contributed by:

Dr Angela Pang 

MBBS (Singapore)

Grad Dip (GRM)

MRCP (UK)

M Med (Internal Med)

Citations

American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/screening/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer.html

Cancer.net. Understanding cancer risk. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/prevention-and-healthy-living/understanding-cancer-risk