Personalised treatments designed to fight cervical cancer while minimising side effects.
Cervical cancer arises from the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is a significant health concern in Southeast Asia. While rates have fallen in countries with widespread vaccination and screening, cervical cancer remains among the top cancers affecting women in Singapore and the region.
Most cases are caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). The two most common types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which are treated in similar ways. Rare types, such as small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, are less common.
According to GLOBOCAN 2020 and regional studies:
These figures highlight the importance of regular screening and HPV vaccination programmes to reduce the disease burden.
In the early stages, cervical cancer often does not cause symptoms. As the disease progresses, women may notice:
If these symptoms are present, especially if persistent, it is important to see a healthcare professional promptly.
Screening helps detect pre-cancerous changes or early-stage cancer before symptoms appear, when treatment is most effective.
In Singapore and many parts of the region, recommended screening options include:
Regular screening is important even for women who have received the HPV vaccine, as the vaccine does not cover all cancer-causing HPV strains.
Almost all cases of cervical cancer (about 99%) are linked to high-risk HPV infection, transmitted through sexual contact.
Other risk factors include:
The main types of cervical cancer are:
Staging helps guide treatment. Based on the FIGO system, the stages are:
Cancer is confined to the cervix
Cancer has spread to nearby areas such as the uterus, upper vagina, or tissues around the cervix
Cancer extends to the lower vagina, pelvic wall, or causes kidney blockage; may involve lymph nodes
Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or distant organs such as lungs, liver, or bones
Treatment depends on the stage, overall health, and fertility wishes of the patient.
