Personalised treatments designed to fight cancer while minimising side effects.
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, an important part of the body’s immune system. The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow, which help the body fight infections and filter harmful substances.
Lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) multiply uncontrollably, forming tumours in the lymph nodes or spreading to other parts of the body such as the chest, abdomen, or bone marrow.
According to GLOBOCAN 2020, lymphoma ranks among the top ten cancers in Singapore. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is more common, while Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is less frequent but often affects younger adults. Thousands of Singaporeans are diagnosed with lymphoma each year, underscoring the need for early detection and timely treatment.
Lymphoma symptoms can be vague and sometimes mimic other conditions. Common signs include:
A thorough diagnosis ensures the right treatment plan. Investigations may include:
A precise diagnosis is essential to differentiate between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin types, and between aggressive or indolent subtypes.
The exact cause is not fully understood, but risk factors include:
Not all patients with risk factors develop lymphoma. Many are diagnosed without any known risks.
Lymphomas are broadly divided into:
Characterised by Reed-Sternberg cells. Often occurs in young adults, and outcomes are generally good with modern treatment
Includes many subtypes. The two main groups are:
Staging describes how far the cancer has spread:
One lymph node region or single organ affected
Two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm
Nodes on both sides of the diaphragm are involved
Widespread disease involving bone marrow, liver, lungs, or other organs
B symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss) may also be used to further classify the stage.
Treatment depends on the type, stage, and aggressiveness of the lymphoma. Options include:
With advances in treatment, many patients with lymphoma in Singapore can achieve long-term remission, and some can be cured.
